The prevalence of early and exclusive breastfeeding in Vietnam remains sub-optimal. The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) and exclusive breastfeeding for the first 3 days after birth (EBF3D). To achieve this objective, Alive & Thrive conducted a population-based, cross-sectional survey of 726 mothers with children aged 0–11 months in two provinces and one municipality from May to July 2020.